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    Mausoleum of Shad-e (or Shadi) Mulk Aga in Shah e Zinda, Samarqand

    Mausoleum of Mahmud Pahlavon in Khiva, Uzbekistan

    The tomb of Baba Rukn al-Din Shirazi, Takht-i Fulad, Isfahan, Iran

    The Summer Mosque of the Arc in Khiva, Uzbekistan

    Shrine of Sheikh Zainuddin Bobo in Tashkent, Uzbekistan

    The Madrasas ( educational institutions) of Ulugh Beg

    The Madrasas ( educational institutions) of Ulugh Beg

    Dargah of Sheikh Raju Qattal in Khuldabad, Maharashtra

    Dargah of Sheikh Raju Qattal in Khuldabad, Maharashtra

    AkshayVat in Allahabad/ Prayagraj

    AkshayVat in Allahabad/ Prayagraj

    Helical stepwell in Pavagadh area of Gujarat

    Islam Khoja ensemble in Khiva,Uzbekistan

    Mysore Silk and Tipu Sultan

    Mysore Silk and Tipu Sultan

    Lord Buddha statue in Chandigarh Museum

    Akbar’s Inscription in The Ranakpur Jain Temple

    Neelkanth Temple in Kumbhalgarh

    Neelkanth Temple in Kumbhalgarh

    Vijai Stambh in Chittorgarh Fort

    The importance of River Yamuna in Vrindavan

    The importance of River Yamuna in Vrindavan

    Tajuddin Baba of Nagpur or Shahenshah-e Haft-e Aqleem Hazrat Baba Tajuddin

    Tajuddin Baba of Nagpur or Shahenshah-e Haft-e Aqleem Hazrat Baba Tajuddin

    Shri Niwas or the House of Mirrors in Jaipur’s City Palace

    Shri Niwas or the House of Mirrors in Jaipur’s City Palace

    Kanishka statue in Mathura museum

    Kanishka statue in Mathura museum

    Shahji ka Mandir, Vrindavan

    Shahji ka Mandir, Vrindavan

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      Mausoleum of Shad-e (or Shadi) Mulk Aga in Shah e Zinda, Samarqand

      Mausoleum of Mahmud Pahlavon in Khiva, Uzbekistan

      The tomb of Baba Rukn al-Din Shirazi, Takht-i Fulad, Isfahan, Iran

      The Summer Mosque of the Arc in Khiva, Uzbekistan

      Shrine of Sheikh Zainuddin Bobo in Tashkent, Uzbekistan

      The Madrasas ( educational institutions) of Ulugh Beg

      The Madrasas ( educational institutions) of Ulugh Beg

      Dargah of Sheikh Raju Qattal in Khuldabad, Maharashtra

      Dargah of Sheikh Raju Qattal in Khuldabad, Maharashtra

      AkshayVat in Allahabad/ Prayagraj

      AkshayVat in Allahabad/ Prayagraj

      Helical stepwell in Pavagadh area of Gujarat

      Islam Khoja ensemble in Khiva,Uzbekistan

      Mysore Silk and Tipu Sultan

      Mysore Silk and Tipu Sultan

      Lord Buddha statue in Chandigarh Museum

      Akbar’s Inscription in The Ranakpur Jain Temple

      Neelkanth Temple in Kumbhalgarh

      Neelkanth Temple in Kumbhalgarh

      Vijai Stambh in Chittorgarh Fort

      The importance of River Yamuna in Vrindavan

      The importance of River Yamuna in Vrindavan

      Tajuddin Baba of Nagpur or Shahenshah-e Haft-e Aqleem Hazrat Baba Tajuddin

      Tajuddin Baba of Nagpur or Shahenshah-e Haft-e Aqleem Hazrat Baba Tajuddin

      Shri Niwas or the House of Mirrors in Jaipur’s City Palace

      Shri Niwas or the House of Mirrors in Jaipur’s City Palace

      Kanishka statue in Mathura museum

      Kanishka statue in Mathura museum

      Shahji ka Mandir, Vrindavan

      Shahji ka Mandir, Vrindavan

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      Muharram terminology

      inOur Cultural Heritage
      0

      Muharram terminology :
      as seen in this painting by Sewak Ram, “A Muharram Scene”, Patna, India c1807 (Victoria and Albert Museum)


      Today on the Alam, patka and the Alamdar. Every imambara is decorated with alams with elaborate patkas.

      1. First of all you can see the fluttering standards called alam – these are borne on wooden staffs. The alam is the standard of the army of Imam Hussain and represents the martytrs but particularly associated with Hazrat Abbas, the brother of Imam Hussain and the commander in chief of the army. He is called the Alamdar.
        Abbas for whom Mirza Dabeer wrote:
        “Kis sher ki aamad hai ke rann kaanp raha hai
        Rustam ka jigar zer-e kafan kaanp raha hai.”
        the alams can be seen fluttering throughout the procession.
      1. The alams have cloth patkas hanging on the wooden staff. these have various symbols embroidered on them in gold and silver.
      1. though it can’t be seen here but the alam will also have a small mashkeeza hanging from it, symbolising the mashk (waterskin bag) that hazrat Abbas took to the river Euphrates to fill for his thirsty niece Sakina. he was martyred by the army of Yezid and was brought back to the camp of Imam Husain dead. Since he had promised his brother that he would not fight and would only fill water his sacrifice is particularly tragic
        His bravery was legendary and he was the best warrior of his times, but bound by his oath to his brother unable to fight.

      Mir Anees celebrated this brave warrior with the words

      naara tha ke haan aey sipah’e Sha’m, khabardaar
      Abbas e dilaawar hai mera naam, khabardaar
      hai qahr’e ilaahi meri samsaam, khabardaar
      naizah hai mera maut ka paighaam, khabardaar

      maiN lakhT e jigar saaheb’e shamsheer’e do-sar hooN
      hoshyaar ke maiN sheir e ilaahi ka pisar hooN

      because Hazrat Abbas could not fight as he had wanted to and his wish remained unfulfilled he has become bab-ul hawaij- the door for asking for fulfilment of wishes from Allah.

      PHOTO 2- Alam from met Museum
      Photo 3- Alam with patka in bara Imambada, Lucknow
      Photo 4-maskeeza (in silver) attached to a alam in bara Imambara, Lucknow

      The taziya, seen throughout this painting
      The earliest record that we get by a Muslim historian of the events of Karbala and Husain’s martyrdom is from the Maqtal of Abu Mikhnaf (d. 157/774).
      While his maqtal wasnt preserved, his descriptions were partaly preserved in later sources, notably al-Tabari (d. 310/923).
      We know that Bibi Zainab along with her nephew Imam Zainul Abidin was the first toestablish an assembly or majlis to mourn Imam Hussain in Damascus after their release from imprisonment by Yezid.
      This tradition contunued and Shias ( partisans of Hazrat Ali) continued this tradition annually on the tenth of Muharram (ʿAshuraʾ) with special ceremonies and the so-called passion plays (taʿziya).

      The literal meaning of taziya is a passion play where the events of Ashura ( 10th Muharram) were commemorated.
      Ashura epitomised epic spirit and resistance of evil and oppresion and sacrifice in the path of Allah.
      This is how it was observed in Iran and the Persianate world.
      In South Asia particularly the subcontinent a taziya refers to Miniature Mausoleums (imitations of the mausoleums of the martyrs of Karbala, generally made of coloured paper and bamboo). These are of various sizes and elaboration in design and kept in the imambaras. On 10th Muharram they are removed anf taken out in ritual processions for symbolic burial in Karbalas ( name given to Shia cemeteries) .
      This is called thanda karna.
      These processions are taken out by Sunnis and Shias and i have personally witnessed many Hindus, Christians and Jews joining in.
      There is a tradition that if a child is taken beneath a taziya he/ she remains healthy.
      Photo below is of a passion play or Persian taziya. Source wikipedia

      Raziya in Chota Imambara, Lucknow

      Please read A history of Tazita making in Lucknow

      https://india.shafaqna.com/EN/taziya-making-in-lucknow-a-brief-history/

      Note: Today most azadars (mourners of Imam Hussain and the martyrs of Karbala will wear black or green)

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      Come, explore and fall in love the Beauties of Delhi (Dilli ki Ranaiya’n) and the World with me, Rana Safvi

      I have a masters in medieval history from the prestigious Centre for Advanced Studies, Dept. of History, AMU. A firm believer in our Ganga Jamuni Tehzeeb, I am passionate about gaining and sharing knowledge and these days I am doing it via the social media platform.

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